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The ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasise is a hallmark of cancer. The hallmarks of cancer were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities. The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert ...
With Robert Weinberg, he wrote a seminal paper The Hallmarks of Cancer, published in January 2000, and which in March 2011 is the most cited article from the peer reviewed journal Cell. [5] In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation". [6]
Therefore, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism is one of the earliest hallmarks of cancer progression and a feature characteristic of malignant neoplasms and dysplasia. [2] [3] Certain benign cell types may also exhibit pleomorphism, e.g. neuroendocrine cells, Arias-Stella reaction.
In their landmark paper, The Hallmarks of Cancer, [3] Hanahan and Weinberg suggest that cancer can be described by a small number of underlying principles, despite the complexities of the disease. The authors describe how tumor progression proceeds via a process analogous to Darwinian evolution, where each genetic change confers a growth ...
Single-cell sequencing is a new technique that is valuable for assessing intra-tumour tumour heterogeneity, thought to be crucial to developing effective personalised cancer therapies because it can characterize individual tumour cells. This means that the entire mutational profile of multiple distinct cells can be determined with no ambiguity.
The concept of the tumor microenvironment (TME) dates back to 1863 when Rudolf Virchow established a connection between inflammation and cancer. However, it was not until 1889 that Stephen Paget's seed and soil theory introduced the important role of TME in cancer metastasis, highlighting the intricate relationship between tumors and their surrounding microenvironment.
Mutated p53 is involved in many human cancers, of the 6.5 million cancer diagnoses each year about 37% are connected to p53 mutations. [30] This makes it a popular target for new cancer therapies. Homozygous loss of p53 is found in 65% of colon cancers, 30–50% of breast cancers, and 50% of lung cancers.
Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. [12] CA-125: Mainly ovarian cancer, [13] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. [14] Calcitonin: medullary thyroid carcinoma [15] Calretinin