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The ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasise is a hallmark of cancer. The hallmarks of cancer were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities. The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert ...
With Robert Weinberg, he wrote a seminal paper The Hallmarks of Cancer, published in January 2000, and which in March 2011 is the most cited article from the peer reviewed journal Cell. [5] In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation". [6]
Therefore, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism is one of the earliest hallmarks of cancer progression and a feature characteristic of malignant neoplasms and dysplasia. [2] [3] Certain benign cell types may also exhibit pleomorphism, e.g. neuroendocrine cells, Arias-Stella reaction.
The metastatic steps are critically regulated by various cell types, including the blood vessel cells (endothelial cells), immune cells or stromal cells. The growth of a new network of blood vessels, called tumor angiogenesis, [19] is a crucial hallmark of cancer.
The most common cancers found during pregnancy are the same as the most common cancers found in non-pregnant women during childbearing ages: breast cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer. [269] Diagnosing a new cancer in a pregnant woman is difficult, in part because any symptoms are commonly ...
Single-cell sequencing is a new technique that is valuable for assessing intra-tumour tumour heterogeneity, thought to be crucial to developing effective personalised cancer therapies because it can characterize individual tumour cells. This means that the entire mutational profile of multiple distinct cells can be determined with no ambiguity.
The concept of the tumor microenvironment (TME) dates back to 1863 when Rudolf Virchow established a connection between inflammation and cancer. However, it was not until 1889 that Stephen Paget's seed and soil theory introduced the important role of TME in cancer metastasis, highlighting the intricate relationship between tumors and their surrounding microenvironment.
[3] [2] In the new review, three new hallmarks have been added: macroautophagy, chronic inflammation and dysbiosis, totaling 12 proposed hallmarks. [2] The nine hallmarks of aging of the original paper are grouped into three categories as below: [1] Primary hallmarks (causes of damage) Genome instability; Telomere shortening (or [2] telomere ...