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The bag-of-words model (BoW) is a model of text which uses a representation of text that is based on an unordered collection (a "bag") of words. It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). It disregards word order (and thus most of syntax or grammar) but captures multiplicity.
In some cases, omitting an export format (Microsoft Word's omission of WordPerfect export is the best known example) was a sales rather than a technical measure. Program HTML
Turing test – test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior, equivalent to or indistinguishable from, that of an actual human. In the original illustrative example, a human judge engages in a natural-language conversation with a human and a machine designed to generate performance indistinguishable from that of a human being.
A language model is a probabilistic model of a natural language. [1] In 1980, the first significant statistical language model was proposed, and during the decade IBM performed ‘Shannon-style’ experiments, in which potential sources for language modeling improvement were identified by observing and analyzing the performance of human subjects in predicting or correcting text.
Formerly ClarisWorks Word Processing, also an older and unrelated application for Apple II. Succeeded by iWork. Amí: Windows: developed and marketed by Samna: Apple Writer: Apple II, Apple III: SuperWriter: Apricot Portable: Built-in word processor in Apricot Computers devices Authorea: word processor for students and researchers AstroType ...
A classic example of computational modeling in language research is McClelland and Elman's TRACE model of speech perception. [13] A model of sentence processing can be found in Hale (2011)'s 'rational' Generalized Left Corner parser. [14] This model derives garden path effects as well as local coherence phenomena.
As another example, converting from PDF to an editable word processor format is a tough chore, because PDF records the textual information like engraving on stone, with each character given a fixed position and linebreaks hard-coded, whereas word processor formats accommodate text reflow. PDF does not know of a word space character—the space ...
Word processing added to the text editor the ability to control type style and size, to manage lines (word wrap), to format documents into pages, and to number pages. Functions now taken for granted were added incrementally, sometimes by purchase of independent providers of add-on programs.