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Moreover, the cerebral cortex of the human brain – which plays a key role in memory, attention, awareness and thought – contains twice as many cells in humans as the same region in chimpanzees. [4] Secondly, the recent evolution of chimpanzees and humans has been in completely different environments, with different survival needs.
In the 1970s, a performing chimpanzee named Oliver was popularized as a possible "mutant" or even a human–chimpanzee hybrid. [25] Claims that Oliver had 47 chromosomes—midpoint between the normal 46 for humans and 48 for chimpanzees—were disproven after an examination of his genetic material at the University of Chicago in 1996. [26]
The sequence divergence of the Xq13.3 region is surprisingly low between humans and chimpanzees. [26] Mutations altering the amino acid sequence of proteins (K a) are the least common. In fact ~29% of all orthologous proteins are identical between human and chimpanzee. The typical protein differs by only two amino acids. [16]
Human Ape [1] is a 2008 National Geographic documentary film on the genetic and evolutionary origins of human behavior, and covers the genetic and behavioural similarities and differences between humans and other great apes. Pioneer Productions of London was commissioned by National Geographic Channels International to produce Human Ape.
The myth of the one percent refers to the 1975 study done by Wilson and King [1] that asserted that human-chimpanzee divergence is about 1%. Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, and the rapid evolution of chimpanzees and humans, along with gorillas and bonobos, has led to difficulties in creating an accurate lineage or tree topology.
The earliest fossils clearly in the human but not the chimpanzee lineage appear between about 4.5 to 4 million years ago, with Australopithecus anamensis. Few fossil specimens on the "chimpanzee-side" of the split have been found; the first fossil chimpanzee, dating between 545 and 284 kyr (thousand years, radiometric ), was discovered in Kenya ...
For example, neutral human DNA sequences are approximately 1.2% divergent (based on substitutions) from those of their nearest genetic relative, the chimpanzee, 1.6% from gorillas, and 6.6% from baboons. [10] [11] Genetic sequence evidence thus allows inference and quantification of genetic relatedness between humans and other apes.
The lineages of chimpanzees [dubious – discuss] and humans separated in a process of speciation between roughly five to twelve million years ago, [25] making them humanity's closest living relative. [26] Research by Mary-Claire King in 1973 found 99% identical DNA between human beings and chimpanzees. [27]