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Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is an inorganic compound with the formula Na 2 S 2 O 3 ·(H 2 O) x. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate (x = 5), which is a white solid that dissolves well in water. The compound is a reducing agent and a ligand, and these properties underpin its applications. [2]
Fixation is commonly achieved by treating the film or paper with a solution of thiosulfate salt. Popular salts are sodium thiosulfate—commonly called hypo—and ammonium thiosulfate—commonly used in modern rapid fixer formulae. [1] Fixation by thiosulfate involves these chemical reactions (X = halide, typically Br −): [2]
Thiosulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula S 2 O 2− 3. Thiosulfate also refers to the compounds containing this anion, which are the salts of thiosulfuric acid , such as sodium thiosulfate Na 2 S 2 O 3 and ammonium thiosulfate (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 3 .
Sodium thiosulfate is a classical antidote to cyanide poisoning, [10] For this purpose it is used after the medication sodium nitrite and typically only recommended for severe cases. [4] [6] It is given by injection into a vein. [4] In this use, sodium nitrite creates methemoglobinemia which removes cyanide from mitochondria. [6]
This clock reaction uses sodium, potassium or ammonium persulfate to oxidize iodide ions to iodine. Sodium thiosulfate is used to reduce iodine back to iodide before the iodine can complex with the starch to form the characteristic blue-black color. Iodine is generated: 2 I − + S 2 O 2− 8 → I 2 + 2 SO 2− 4. And is then removed:
Sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate have been proposed as alternative lixiviants to cyanide for extraction of gold from ores [8] and printed circuit boards. [9] The complex [Au(S 2 O 3) 2] 3-is assumed to be the principal product in such extractions. Presently cyanide salts are used on a large scale for that purpose with obvious risks. [8]
The thiosulfate anion (S 2 O 2− 3) Sodium thiosulfate, a salt containing the thiosulfate anion; S 2 O 2− 2, a reported sulfur oxyanion. However salts containing S 2 O 2− 2 and HS 2 O − 2 are not well characterized; they would be conjugate bases derived from the parent thiosulfurous acid (H 2 S 2 O 2), which is also of doubtful existence ...
The most important sodium compounds are table salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na 2 CO 3), baking soda (NaHCO 3), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO 3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ·5H 2 O), and borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O). [7] In compounds, sodium is usually ionically bonded to water and anions and is ...
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