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The truth value of simple propositions, on the other hand, depends on their subpropositional parts. [8] [64] This is usually understood in terms of reference: their truth is determined by how their subpropositional parts are related to the world, i.e. to the extra-linguistic objects they refer to. This relation is studied by theories of ...
An argument is a set of premises together with a conclusion. [8] An argument is deductively valid if it is impossible for its conclusion to be false if all its premises are true. [9] Valid arguments follow a rule of inference, which prescribes how the premises and the conclusion have to be structured. [10]
Philosophers such as Victor Reppert, [13] William Hasker [14] and Alvin Plantinga [15] have expanded on the argument from reason, and credit C.S. Lewis as an important influence on their thinking. Lewis never claimed that he invented the argument from reason; in fact, he refers to it as a "venerable philosophical chestnut."
For example, in the Summa contra gentiles SCG I, 13, 30, he clarifies that his arguments do not assume or presuppose that there was a first moment in time. A commentator notes that Thomas does not think that God could be first in a temporal sense (rather than ontological sense) because God exists outside of time. [32]
The Stoics believed that the universe operated according to reason, i.e. by a God which is immersed in nature itself. [4] Logic (logike) was the part of philosophy which examined reason (logos). [5] To achieve a happy life—a life worth living—requires logical thought. [4] The Stoics held that an understanding of ethics was impossible ...
Theories of truth may be described according to several dimensions of description that affect the character of the predicate "true". The truth predicates that are used in different theories may be classified by the number of things that have to be mentioned in order to assess the truth of a sign, counting the sign itself as the first thing.
An argument is formally valid if and only if the denial of the conclusion is incompatible with accepting all the premises. In formal logic, the validity of an argument depends not on the actual truth or falsity of its premises and conclusion, but on whether the argument has a valid logical form.
The argument from degrees, also known as the degrees of perfection argument or the henological argument, [1] is an argument for the existence of God first proposed by mediaeval Roman Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas as one of the five ways to philosophically argue in favour of God's existence in his Summa Theologica.