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Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, [1] herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa that show the potential causes of a specific event. [2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention to identify potential factors causing an overall effect ...
For example, an "Is/Is Not" worksheet is a common tool employed at D2, and Ishikawa, or "fishbone," diagrams and "5-why analysis" are common tools employed at step D4. In the late 1990s, Ford developed a revised version of the 8D process that they call "Global 8D" (G8D), which is the current global standard for Ford and many other companies in ...
Histogram. Pareto chart. Scatter diagram. Flow chart. Run chart. The seven basic tools of quality are a fixed set of visual exercises identified as being most helpful in troubleshooting issues related to quality. [1] They are called basic because they are suitable for people with little formal training in statistics and because they can be used ...
An influence diagram (ID) (also called a relevance diagram, decision diagram or a decision network) is a compact graphical and mathematical representation of a decision situation. It is a generalization of a Bayesian network, in which not only probabilistic inference problems but also decision making problems (following the maximum expected ...
In the field of science and engineering, root cause analysis (RCA) is a method of problem solving used for identifying the root causes of faults or problems. [1] It is widely used in IT operations, manufacturing, telecommunications, industrial process control, accident analysis (e.g., in aviation, [2] rail transport, or nuclear plants), medicine (for medical diagnosis), healthcare industry (e ...
Pareto chart. A Pareto chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line. The chart is named for the Pareto principle, which, in turn, derives its name from Vilfredo Pareto, a noted Italian economist.
Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was introduced by American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986. [1][2] Six Sigma strategies seek to improve manufacturing quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.
For example, in copper 29 Cu, according to the Madelung rule, the 4s subshell (n + l = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the 3d subshell (n + l = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts the electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 9 4s 2, abbreviated [Ar] 3d 9 4s 2 where [Ar] denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas.