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Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic with a long history, involving concepts from electrostatics, atmospheric physics, meteorology and Earth science. [2] Thunderstorms act as a giant battery in the atmosphere, charging up the electrosphere to about 400,000 volts with respect to the surface. [3]
Bismuth compounds account for about half the global production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics; pigments; and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate, used to treat diarrhea. [9] Bismuth's unusual propensity to expand as it solidifies is responsible for some of its uses, as in the casting of printing type. [9]
Unlike the lighter pnictogens nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic, but similar to antimony, bismuth does not form a stable hydride. Bismuth hydride, bismuthine (BiH 3), is an endothermic compound that spontaneously decomposes at room temperature. It is stable only below −60 °C. [5] Bismuthides are intermetallic compounds between bismuth and ...
The global circuit concept is closely related to atmospheric electricity, but not all atmospheres necessarily have a global electric circuit. [2] The basic concept of a global circuit is that through the balance of thunderstorms and fair weather, the atmosphere is subject to a continual and substantial electrical current.
Only below its Joule–Thomson inversion temperature (of about 32 to 50 K at 1 atmosphere) does it cool upon free expansion. [30] Once precooled below this temperature, helium can be liquefied through expansion cooling. Most extraterrestrial helium is plasma in stars, with properties quite different from those of atomic helium. In a plasma ...
Bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3) is a gray powder that is a compound of bismuth and tellurium also known as bismuth(III) telluride. It is a semiconductor , which, when alloyed with antimony or selenium , is an efficient thermoelectric material for refrigeration or portable power generation.
Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer at the stratosphere, above the clouds of the troposphere, when seen from space on board the ISS at an altitude of 335 km (208 mi) (the Moon is visible as a crescent in the far background). [1]
Bismuth(III) oxide is a compound of bismuth, and a common starting point for bismuth chemistry.It is found naturally as the mineral bismite (monoclinic) and sphaerobismoite (tetragonal, much more rare), but it is usually obtained as a by-product of the smelting of copper and lead ores.