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Bremsstrahlung produced by a high-energy electron deflected in the electric field of an atomic nucleus. In particle physics, bremsstrahlung / ˈ b r ɛ m ʃ t r ɑː l ə ŋ / [1] (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁɛms.ʃtʁaːlʊŋ] ⓘ; from German bremsen 'to brake' and Strahlung 'radiation') is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by ...
Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer-shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic X-rays were discovered by Charles Glover Barkla in 1909, [ 1 ] who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1917.
Synchrotron radiation is similar to bremsstrahlung radiation, which is emitted by a charged particle when the acceleration is parallel to the direction of motion. The general term for radiation emitted by particles in a magnetic field is gyromagnetic radiation , for which synchrotron radiation is the ultra-relativistic special case.
The formula for Kramers' law is usually given as the distribution of intensity (photon count) against the wavelength of the emitted radiation: [2] = () The constant K is proportional to the atomic number of the target element, and λ min {\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{min}}} is the minimum wavelength given by the Duane–Hunt law .
The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these related interactions is called the radiation length X 0, usually measured in g·cm −2. It is both the mean distance over which a high-energy electron loses all but 1 ⁄ e of its energy by bremsstrahlung, [1] and 7 ⁄ 9 of the mean free path for pair production by a high-energy
Beamstrahlung (from beam + bremsstrahlung) is the radiation from one beam of charged particles in storage rings, linear or circular colliders, namely the synchrotron radiation emitted due to the electromagnetic field of the opposing beam. [1] [2] Coined by J. Rees in 1978. [3]
The two X-ray photon-generating effects are generally called the 'Characteristic effect' and the bremsstrahlung effect, a compound of the German bremsen meaning to brake, and Strahlung meaning radiation. [6]
The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these related interactions is called the radiation length . X 0 {\displaystyle X_{0}} is both the mean distance over which a high-energy electron loses all but 1/e of its energy by bremsstrahlung and 7/9 of the mean free path for pair production by a high energy photon.