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Hydrocracking is a catalytic cracking process assisted by the presence of added hydrogen gas. Unlike a hydrotreater, hydrocracking uses hydrogen to break C–C bonds (hydrotreatment is conducted prior to hydrocracking to protect the catalysts in a hydrocracking process). In 2010, 265 million tons of petroleum was processed with this technology.
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.
Ebullated bed reactors are a type of fluidized bed reactor that utilizes ebullition, or bubbling, to achieve appropriate distribution of reactants and catalysts.The ebullated-bed technology utilizes a three-phase reactor (liquid, vapor, and catalyst), and is most applicable for exothermic reactions and for feedstocks which are difficult to process in fixed-bed or plug flow reactors due to high ...
Equilibrium Catalyst refers to the deactivated or spent catalyst after use in a chemical reaction. The main player in oil refining processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydroprocessing , hydrocracking is the catalyst or zeolitic material, that breaks down complex and long-chain hydrocarbons into simple, useful hydrocarbons.
Packed bed and fluidized bed membrane reactors. Generally, membrane reactors can be classified based on the membrane position and reactor configuration. [1] Usually there is a catalyst inside: if the catalyst is installed inside the membrane, the reactor is called catalytic membrane reactor (CMR); [1] if the catalyst (and the support) are packed and fixed inside, the reactor is called packed ...
Hydroprocessing is a catalytic term relating to the processes of hydrocracking and hydrotreating. [1] These process are for the removal of sulfur , oxygen , nitrogen and metals from crude oil , this is done in the refining of fuel to enable lower sulfur levels in fuels.
Synthetic zeolites, like other mesoporous materials (e.g., MCM-41), are widely used as catalysts in the petrochemical industry, such as in fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. Zeolites confine molecules into small spaces, which causes changes in their structure and reactivity.
Zeolite structure. A common catalyst support material in hydrocracking. Also acts as a catalyst in hydrocarbon alkylation and isomerization. Catalysts are not active towards reactants across their entire surface; only specific locations possess catalytic activity, called active sites. The surface area of a solid catalyst has a strong influence ...