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Very high HDL-C levels (≥80 mg/dL in men, ≥100 mg/dL in women) appears to be detrimental to cardiovascular outcomes. Several genetic conditions cause abnormally low or high HDL-C levels, often without the expected change in cardiovascular disease rates.
Food intake prior to testing may cause elevated levels, up to 20%. Normal level is defined as less than 150 mg/dL. [46] Borderline high is defined as 150 to 199 mg/dL. [46] High level is between 200 and 499 mg/dL. [46] Greater than 500 mg/dL is defined as very high, [46] and is associated with pancreatitis and requires medical treatment. [47]
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [1] It is a form of hyperlipidemia (high levels of lipids in the blood), hyperlipoproteinemia (high levels of lipoproteins in the blood), and dyslipidemia (any abnormalities of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood). [1]
Other functions of HDL-C is promoting cardiovascular health such as antioxidation effects, protection against thrombosis, maintenance of endothelial function, and maintaining low blood viscosity. [1] Due to the positive functions of HDL cholesterol, a low level indicates dyslipidemia and is a risk factor for complications. [1]
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. [1]
The exact cause of atherosclerosis is unknown and is proposed to be multifactorial. [1] Risk factors include abnormal cholesterol levels, elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers, [12] high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking (both active and passive smoking), obesity, genetic factors, family history, lifestyle habits, and an unhealthy diet. [4]
Elevated levels of the lipoprotein fractions, LDL, IDL and VLDL, rather than the total cholesterol level, correlate with the extent and progress of atherosclerosis. [77] Conversely, the total cholesterol can be within normal limits, yet be made up primarily of small LDL and small HDL particles, under which conditions atheroma growth rates are high.
High cholesterol levels normally do not cause any symptoms. Yellow deposits of cholesterol-rich fat may be seen in various places on the body such as around the eyelids (known as xanthelasma palpebrarum), the outer margin of the iris (known as arcus senilis corneae), and in the tendons of the hands, elbows, knees and feet, particularly the Achilles tendon (known as a tendon xanthoma).
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