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Lecithin derived from plants and egg yolks is permissible, as is that derived from animals slaughtered according to the rules of dhabihah. [30] Sunflower lecithin, sourced from the seeds of sunflowers, is entirely plant-based and may be an option for those with religious or cultural concerns regarding food intake.
Choline is a cation with the chemical formula [(CH 3) 3 NCH 2 CH 2 OH] +. [1] [2] [3] Choline forms various salts, such as choline chloride and choline bitartrate.An essential nutrient for animals, it is a structural component of phospholipids and cell membranes.
Hydroxylated lecithin is chemically modified lecithin. It is made by treating lecithin with hydrogen peroxide and an organic acid such as acetic or lactic acid. [1] In the process, some of the organic acid becomes peroxy acid. The peroxy acid reacts with olefins in the fatty acid side chains creating intermediate epoxides.
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. [1] The disease has two forms: [ 2 ] Familial LCAT deficiency, in which there is complete LCAT deficiency, and Fish-eye disease , in which there is a partial deficiency.
In chocolate, compound chocolate and similar coatings, PGPR is mainly used with another substance like lecithin [2] to reduce viscosity. It is used at low levels (below 0.5%), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and works by decreasing the friction between the solid particles (e.g. cacao , sugar , milk ) in molten chocolate, reducing the yield stress so that it flows ...
In single-dose scenarios, the patient's body weight and the drug's recommended dose per kilogram are used to determine a safe one-time dose. If multiple doses of treatment are needed in a day, the physician must take into account information regarding the total amount of the drug which is safe to use in one day, and how that should be broken up ...
The total dose can be above the threshold for a deterministic effect, but if the dose is spread out over a long period of time, the effect is not observed. Consider the sunburn, a deterministic effect: [ 4 ] when exposed to bright sunlight for only ten minutes [ 5 ] at a high UV Index, that is to say a high average dose rate, [ 6 ] the skin can ...
Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its diagnosis and its treatment, with animal models predicting human toxicity in up to 71% of cases. [1] The human equivalent dose (HED) or human equivalent concentration (HEC) is the quantity of a chemical that, when administered to humans, produces an effect equal to that produced in test animals by a smaller dose. [2]