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Upādāna is the Sanskrit and Pāli word for "clinging", "attachment" or "grasping", although the literal meaning is "fuel". [4] Upādāna and taṇhā (Skt. tṛṣṇā) are seen as the two primary causes of dukkha ('suffering', unease, "standing unstable").
The Buddha attributed mental illness to the arising of mental defilements which are ultimately based on the unwholesome roots (three poisons) of greed, hatred and confusion. [13] From the perspective of the Buddha, mental illness is a matter of degree, and ultimately, everyone who is not an awakened being is in some sense mentally ill.
Attachment rāga: lobha 'dod chags: 依恋. Yī liàn. Attachment or desire for what we like Desire, passion Aversion dvesha: dosa: zhe sdang: 厌恶 Yàn wù. 愤怒 Fèn nù Aversion for what we don't like, or for what prevents us from getting what we like Anger, hatred Pride māna: māna: nga rgyal: 虛榮. Xū róng
Later translators have emphasized that "suffering" is a too limited translation for the term duḥkha, and have preferred to either leave the term untranslated, [15] or to clarify that translation with terms such as anxiety, distress, frustration, unease, unsatisfactoriness, not having what one wants, having what one doesn't want, etc. [18] [19 ...
The three kleshas of ignorance, attachment and aversion are referred to as the three poisons (Skt. triviṣa; Tibetan: dug gsum) in the Mahayana tradition and as the three unwholesome roots (Pāli, akusala-mūla; Skt. akuśala-mūla) in the Theravada tradition. The Sanskrit, Pali, and Tibetan terms for each of the three poisons are as follows:
"For hate is never conquered by hate. Hate is conquered by love. This is an eternal law." — Buddha "Your mind is Nirvana." — Bodhidharma "The greatest achievement is selflessness.
Throughout the Pali canon, the word "fetter" is used to describe an intrapsychic phenomenon that ties one to suffering. For example, in the Itivuttaka, the Buddha says: "Monks, I don't envision even one other fetter — fettered by which beings conjoined go wandering and transmigrating on for a long, long time—like the fetter of craving ...
According to the first-century CE exegetic Vimuttimagga, the five hindrances include all ten fetters: sense desire includes any attachment to passion; ill will includes all unwholesome states of hatred; and, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt include all unwholesome states of infatuation. The Vimuttimagga further distinguishes ...