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FLAG includes undersea cable segments, and two terrestrial crossings. The segments can be either direct point-to-point links, or multi-point links, which are attained through branching units. At each cable landing point, a FLAG cable station is located. The total route length exceeds 27,000 kilometres (16,777 miles; 14,579 nautical miles), and ...
SubmarineCableMap.com — simple map; Detailed interactive world map — at TeleGeography.com (2018 Version) Global Caribbean net Archived 2016-10-18 at the Wayback Machine — reference site for GCN, MCN, and SCF; Timeline of submarine cables, 1850–2007 — at Atlantic-Cable.com; TeleGeography submarine cable map — at TeleGeography.com
Cables can also be composed of dielectric fluids or hydrocarbon fluids, which act as electrical insulators. These substances can be harmful to marine life. [127] Fishing, aging cables and marine species that collide with or become entangled in cables can damage cables and spread toxic and harmful substances into the sea.
The cable is variously described as a $600 and a $650 million project, and has seen a number of upgrades to landing station infrastructure, national backhaul and increases to carrying capacity, with an increase to 2.6 terabits per second (Tbit/s) in May 2012, [9] and then to 12 Tbit/s in 2014.
Submarine power cables can operate at many kilovolts: for example, the Fenno-Skan power cable operates at 400 kV DC. A cable termination station is the point at which the submarine cable connects into the land-based infrastructure or network. A cable termination station may be the same facility as the cable landing station, or may be many miles ...
An example is the cable between Singapore and Indonesia, which was partly robbed in 2013: 31,7 km and 418 tons of cables were removed. [33] Another scenario is a criminal group threatening to harm cables if no ransom is received. Last, cables could be damaged to cover an unrelated criminal attack, as it would diminish surveillance capacities. [34]
The cable, which went live in 2022, integrated the new Google Cloud region in Madrid more tightly into Google's global infrastructure. [7] Google's Jayne Stowell also has stated that another motivation for the investment is that many of the existing transatlantic cables are aging and need to be upgraded.
The Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System (BSFOCS) is a 1,300 km (808 mi) submarine telecommunications cable system linking three countries bordering the Black Sea. [1] It went into operation in September 2001, and has a total capacity of 20 Gbit/s along 2 fiber pairs. [1] It has landing points in: Varna, Bulgaria; Odesa, Ukraine; Novorossiysk, Russia