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Definition. The Bode plot for a linear, time-invariant system with transfer function ( being the complex frequency in the Laplace domain) consists of a magnitude plot and a phase plot. The Bode magnitude plot is the graph of the function of frequency (with being the imaginary unit). The -axis of the magnitude plot is logarithmic and the ...
The function is defined by the three poles in the left half of the complex frequency plane. Log density plot of the transfer function () in complex frequency space for the third-order Butterworth filter with =1. The three poles lie on a circle of unit radius in the left half-plane.
If the transfer function of a first-order low-pass filter has a zero as well as a pole, the Bode plot flattens out again, at some maximum attenuation of high frequencies; such an effect is caused for example by a little bit of the input leaking around the one-pole filter; this one-pole–one-zero filter is still a first-order low-pass.
Magnitude transfer function of a bandpass filter with lower 3 dB cutoff frequency f 1 and upper 3 dB cutoff frequency f 2 Bode plot (a logarithmic frequency response plot) of any first-order low-pass filter with a normalized cutoff frequency at =1 and a unity gain (0 dB) passband.
In the middle of the 20th century, Bode proposed the first idea involving the use of fractional-order controllers in a feedback problem by what is known as Bode's ideal transfer function. Bode proposed that the ideal shape of the Nyquist plot for the open loop frequency response is a straight line in the complex plane, which provides ...
Block diagram of feedback control of a dynamical process. Bode's sensitivity integral, discovered by Hendrik Wade Bode, is a formula that quantifies some of the limitations in feedback control of linear parameter invariant systems. Let L be the loop transfer function and S be the sensitivity function. In the diagram, P is a dynamical process ...
For transfer functions (e.g., Bode plot, chirp) the complete frequency response may be graphed in two parts: power versus frequency and phase versus frequency—the phase spectral density, phase spectrum, or spectral phase. Less commonly, the two parts may be the real and imaginary parts of the transfer function.
Bode magnitude plot for the voltages across the elements of an RLC series circuit. Natural frequency ω 0 = 1 rad/s, damping ratio ζ = 0.4. Sinusoidal steady state is represented by letting s = jω, where j is the imaginary unit. Taking the magnitude of the above equation with this substitution: