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In logic a counterexample disproves the generalization, and does so rigorously in the fields of mathematics and philosophy. [1] For example, the fact that "student John Smith is not lazy" is a counterexample to the generalization "students are lazy", and both a counterexample to, and disproof of, the universal quantification "all students are ...
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... move to sidebar hide. Help. Pages in category "Unsolved problems in geometry" The following 48 pages are in ...
For example, a Fourier series of sine and cosine functions, all continuous, may converge pointwise to a discontinuous function such as a step function. Carmichael's totient function conjecture was stated as a theorem by Robert Daniel Carmichael in 1907, but in 1922 he pointed out that his proof was incomplete. As of 2016 the problem is still open.
The same term can also be used more informally to refer to something "standard" or "classic". For example, one might say that Euclid's proof is the "canonical proof" of the infinitude of primes. There are two canonical proofs that are always used to show non-mathematicians what a mathematical proof is like:
Models And Counter-Examples (Mace) is a model finder. [1] Most automated theorem provers try to perform a proof by refutation on the clause normal form of the proof problem, by showing that the combination of axioms and negated conjecture can never be simultaneously true, i.e. does not have a model. A model finder such as Mace, on the other ...
For instance, an example of a first-countable space which is not second-countable is counterexample #3, the discrete topology on an uncountable set. This particular counterexample shows that second-countability does not follow from first-countability. Several other "Counterexamples in ..." books and papers have followed, with similar motivations.
Hilbert's proof did not exhibit any explicit counterexample: only in 1967 the first explicit counterexample was constructed by Motzkin. [3] Furthermore, if the polynomial has a degree 2 d greater than two, there are significantly many more non-negative polynomials that cannot be expressed as sums of squares.
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