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The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness, and reaches much higher levels during situations of stress or danger, in the so-called fight-or-flight response. In the brain, norepinephrine increases arousal and alertness, promotes ...
However, more severe disorders of the sympathoadrenal system such as pheochromocytoma (a tumor on the adrenal medulla) can affect the body's ability to maintain a homeostatic state. In these cases, curative agents such as adrenergic agonists and antagonists are used to modify epinephrine and norepinephrine levels released by the adrenal medulla ...
Elevation of norepinephrine levels can sometimes cause anxiety, mildly elevated pulse, and elevated blood pressure. However, norepinephrine-selective antidepressants, such as reboxetine and desipramine, have successfully treated anxiety disorders. [71] People at risk for hypertension and heart disease should monitor their blood pressure.
“Norepinephrine binds to the muscle cells of the arteries, which makes them constrict,” Nedergaard told us. “Therefore, the slow oscillation in norepinephrine concentration drives a slow ...
At present, only one norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor is approved by the FDA to treat depression: bupropion (Wellbutrin). It boosts the concentration of norepinephrine and dopamine ...
By inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, antidepressants — such as SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) — increase levels of serotonin in the body and reduce the ...
The locus coeruleus, which in Latin means "blue spot", is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The locus coeruleus and the areas of the body affected by the norepinephrine it produces are described collectively as the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system or LC-NA system. [3]
Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, with O 2 and L-ascorbic acid as cofactors. [25] Norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the cofactor. [25] Some of the cofactors also require their own synthesis. [25]