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Steel mill with two arc furnaces. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap.Steel is made from iron and carbon. On its own, iron is not strong, but a low concentration of carbon – less than 1 percent, depending on the kind of steel – gives steel strength and other important properties.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry (1988) excerpt and text search; Hogan, William T. Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States (5 vol 1971) monumental detail; Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978) Krass, Peter. Carnegie (2002).
Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands.The two large towers are blast furnaces.. A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.
The modern steel industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, but also one of the most energy and greenhouse gas emission intense industries, contributing 8% of global emissions. [2] However, steel is also very reusable: it is one of the world's most-recycled materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally. [3]
The Steel Industry in Japan: A Comparison with Britain 1996 online version [permanent dead link ] Hoerr, John P. And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry (1988) excerpt and text search; Hogan, Thomas. The Steel Industry of China: Its Present Status and Future Potential (1999)
The manufacturing process, called the cementation process, consisted of heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week in a long stone box. This produced blister steel. The blister steel was put in a crucible with wrought iron and melted, producing crucible steel.
Homestead Steel Works was a large steel works located on the Monongahela River at Homestead, Pennsylvania in the United States. The company developed in the nineteenth century as an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a railway 425 miles (684 km) long, and a line of lake steamships.