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  2. Addition principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_principle

    5+0=5 illustrated with collections of dots. In combinatorics, the addition principle [1] [2] or rule of sum [3] [4] is a basic counting principle.Stated simply, it is the intuitive idea that if we have A number of ways of doing something and B number of ways of doing another thing and we can not do both at the same time, then there are + ways to choose one of the actions.

  3. Combinatorial principles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_principles

    The rule of sum is an intuitive principle stating that if there are a possible outcomes for an event (or ways to do something) and b possible outcomes for another event (or ways to do another thing), and the two events cannot both occur (or the two things can't both be done), then there are a + b total possible outcomes for the events (or total possible ways to do one of the things).

  4. Law of total probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability

    The term law of total probability is sometimes taken to mean the law of alternatives, which is a special case of the law of total probability applying to discrete random variables. [ citation needed ] One author uses the terminology of the "Rule of Average Conditional Probabilities", [ 4 ] while another refers to it as the "continuous law of ...

  5. Probability axioms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_axioms

    This is called the addition law of probability, or the sum rule. That is, the probability that an event in A or B will happen is the sum of the probability of an event in A and the probability of an event in B, minus the probability of an event that is in both A and B. The proof of this is as follows: Firstly,

  6. Summation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation

    The summation of an explicit sequence is denoted as a succession of additions. For example, summation of [1, 2, 4, 2] is denoted 1 + 2 + 4 + 2, and results in 9, that is, 1 + 2 + 4 + 2 = 9. Because addition is associative and commutative, there is no need for parentheses, and the result is the same irrespective of the order of the summands ...

  7. Law of total cumulance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_cumulance

    The case n = 2 is well-known (see law of total variance). Below is the case n = 3. The ... For general 4th-order cumulants, the rule gives a sum of 15 terms, as ...

  8. Distributive property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_property

    In the study of propositional logic and Boolean algebra, the term antidistributive law is sometimes used to denote the interchange between conjunction and disjunction when implication factors over them: [7] () () ().

  9. Law of total expectation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expectation

    The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, [1] the law of iterated expectations [2] (LIE), Adam's law, [3] the tower rule, [4] and the smoothing theorem, [5] among other names, states that if is a random variable whose expected value ⁡ is defined, and is any random variable on the same probability space, then