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In the synergistic response, the applied antibiotics work together to produce an effect more potent than if each antibiotic were applied singly. [1] Compare to the additive effect , where the potency of an antibiotic combination is roughly equal to the combined potencies of each antibiotic singly, and antagonistic effect, where the potency of ...
Additive effect can be used to detect synergy as it can be considered as the baseline effect in methods determining whether drugs have synergistic effect. Synergistic effect is similar to additive effect, having a combination effect greater than additive effect. It can produce an effect of 2+2 > 4 when two drugs are used together.
According to the Synergism Hypothesis, synergistic effects have been the drivers of cooperative relationships of all kinds and at all levels in living systems. The thesis, in a nutshell, is that synergistic effects have often provided functional advantages (economic benefits) in relation to survival and reproduction that have been favored by ...
When two drugs affect each other, it is a drug–drug interaction (DDI). The risk of a DDI increases with the number of drugs used. [1] A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug–drug interactions. [2] Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
A codrug consists of two drug moieties, generally "active against the same disease", that are joined through one or more covalent chemical bonds to create a single new chemical entity; [1] they can also be described as a mutual prodrug, recognising that a catabolic biosynthetic step is most often required to liberate the two drugs. [2]
Arbor Drugs (acquired by CVS in 1998) Big B Drugs (acquired by Revco in 1996; rebranded as CVS in 1997) Brooks Pharmacy (acquired by Rite Aid in 2007) Cunningham Drug (acquired by Walgreens in 1991) Dart Drug (bankrupt in 1990) Drug Emporium; Drug Fair (company liquidated in 2009, assets purchased by Walgreens) Eckerd (acquired by Rite Aid in 2007)
Any antiretroviral drug: Black tar heroin: Whoonga, Nyaope [8] Widespread use in South Africa. Whoonga is classically reputed to be a combination of heroin with antiretroviral drugs such as ritonavir and/or efavirenz, often combined with additional drugs such as cannabis or hashish, methamphetamine and/or methaqualone: Any deliriant or diphen ...
Combined drug intoxication use often carries with it more risk than use of a single drug, due to an increase in side effects, and drug synergy. The potentiating effect of one drug on another is sometimes considerable and here the licit drugs and medicines – such as alcohol , nicotine and antidepressants – have to be considered in ...