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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day. [citation needed]
Islam in Turkey; Islamic Golden Age; Jihad; List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language; Middle Ages; Military history of Iran; Muhammad; Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; Ottoman Caliphate; Political aspects of Islam; Pre-Islamic Arabia; Rashidun Caliphate; Science in the medieval Islamic world; Slavery in medieval Europe ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 February 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. [2] Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed as a result of immigration, [3] there are centuries-old indigenous European Muslim communities in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region.
There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice or Genoa. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through the Abbasid caliphate between China and Europe. Windmills were among Abbasid inventions in technology. [183]
Russia will have the largest total population of Muslims in Europe, however. [318] Most of these changes are expected to come from immigration. [318] In the Americas, Canada’s Muslim population is expected to increase to 6.6% and United States' to 2% by 2030. [318] These increases, much like Europe, are expected to be driven mainly by ...
The Emirate of Córdoba, from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts of North Africa, with its capital in Córdoba (at the time Qurṭubah).