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In surface erosion, the polymer degrades from the exterior surface. The inside of the material does not degrade until all the surrounding material around it has been degraded. [1] In bulk erosion, degradation occurs throughout the whole material equally. Both the surface and the inside of the material degrade. [1]
Polymer degradation is the reduction in the physical properties of a polymer, such as strength, caused by changes in its chemical composition.Polymers and particularly plastics are subject to degradation at all stages of their product life cycle, including during their initial processing, use, disposal into the environment and recycling. [1]
Wood degradation is a complex process influenced by various biological, chemical, and environmental factors. It significantly impacts the durability and longevity of wood products and structures, necessitating effective preservation and protection strategies.
Although thermal degradation is defined as an oxygen free process it is difficult in practise to completely exclude oxygen. Where this is the case thermal oxidation is to be expected, leading to the formation of free radicals by way of hydroperoxides. These may then participate in thermal degradation reactions, accelerating the rate of breakdown.
By comparison the dependence of degradation rate on UV exposure and the availability of oxygen is broadly linear. As the oceans are cooler than land plastic pollution in the marine environment degrades more slowly. [40] [41] Materials buried in landfill do not degrade by photo-oxidation at all, though they may gradually decay by other processes.
Biodeterioration is sometimes described as a surface-level degradation that modifies the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the material. This stage occurs when the material is exposed to abiotic factors in the outdoor environment and allows for further degradation by weakening the material's structure.
The first step should always be an investigation to determine the cause of the deterioration. The general principles of repair include arresting and preventing further degradation; treating exposed steel reinforcement; and filling fissures or holes caused by cracking or left after the loss of spalled or damaged concrete.
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