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Discrimination also impacts health by inducing negative emotions and lowering self-control, [7] which in turn increases participation in unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, [15] [16] alcohol and substance use, [17] reduced physical activity, [11] and overeating.
Internalized oppression occurs as a result of psychological injury caused by external oppressive events (e.g., harassment and discrimination), and it has a negative impact on individuals' self system (e.g., self-esteem, self-image, self-concept, self-worth, and self-regulation). [5]
Gender discrimination may encompass sexism and is discrimination toward people based on their gender identity [71] or their gender or sex differences. [72] Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of workplace inequality. [72] It may arise from social or cultural customs and norms. [73]
They experience discrimination in the realms of employment and housing. [10] Perceived prejudice and discrimination is also associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. [11] Young people who experience stigma associated with mental health difficulties may face negative reactions from their peer group.
Furthermore, racism itself is thought to have a negative impact on both mental and physical health. According to a paper that analyzed published research on PubMed from the years 2005–2007 on the connection between discrimination and health, there is an inverse relationship between the two; furthermore, the pattern is becoming more apparent ...
Racial discrimination also results in impacts on the credit scores and economic security of communities of color—that ultimately, "entrenches and reinforces inequality by dictating a consumer's access to future opportunities". [110] Numerous studies have found racial disparities in credit scoring:
The outcome of social exclusion is that affected individuals or communities are prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live. [9] This may result in resistance in the form of demonstrations, protests or lobbying from the excluded people. [10]
Some conceptualizations of structural discrimination focus on past forms of discrimination that have resulted in present-day inequality, while others focus on policies that still exist today and can have disproportionately negative effects on minority groups. [5]