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  2. Ribosome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome

    Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Their main function is to convert genetic code into an amino acid sequence and to build protein polymers from amino acid monomers. Ribosomes act as catalysts in two extremely important biological processes called peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis.

  3. Ribosome biogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_biogenesis

    About 60% of a cell's energy is spent on ribosome production and maintenance. [2] Ribosome biogenesis is a very tightly regulated process, and it is closely linked to other cellular activities like growth and division. [3] [4] Some have speculated that in the origin of life, ribosome biogenesis predates cells, and that genes and cells evolved ...

  4. Eukaryotic ribosome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_ribosome

    Both proteins are located next to important functional centers of the ribosome: the uncleaved ubiquitin domains of eS31) and eL40 would be positioned in the decoding site and near the translation factor binding site, respectively. These positions suggest that proteolytic cleavage is an essential step in the production of functional ribosomes.

  5. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

    The ribosome moves along the mature mRNA molecule incorporating tRNA and producing a polypeptide chain. During translation, ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains from mRNA template molecules. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, where the ribosomes are located either free floating or attached to the endoplasmic ...

  6. Nucleolus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus

    It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis. The nucleolus also participates in the formation of signal recognition particles and plays a role in the cell's response to stress. [2] Nucleoli are made of proteins, DNA and RNA, and form around specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions.

  7. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

    The ribosome has two binding sites for tRNA. They are the aminoacyl site (abbreviated A), and the peptidyl site/ exit site (abbreviated P/E). Concerning the mRNA, the three sites are oriented 5' to 3' E-P-A, because ribosomes move toward the 3' end of mRNA. The A-site binds the incoming tRNA with the complementary codon on the mRNA.

  8. Ribosome-binding site - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome-binding_site

    Prokaryotic ribosomes begin translation of the mRNA transcript while DNA is still being transcribed. Thus translation and transcription are parallel processes. Bacterial mRNA are usually polycistronic and contain multiple ribosome binding sites. Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis in prokaryotes.

  9. Ribosomal RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA

    The ribosome catalyzes ester-amide exchange, transferring the C-terminus of a nascent peptide from a tRNA to the amine of an amino acid. These processes are able to occur due to sites within the ribosome in which these molecules can bind, formed by the rRNA stem-loops. A ribosome has three of these binding sites called the A, P and E sites: