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Generally, polarizability increases as the volume occupied by electrons increases. [9] In atoms, this occurs because larger atoms have more loosely held electrons in contrast to smaller atoms with tightly bound electrons. [9] [10] On rows of the periodic table, polarizability therefore decreases from left to right. [9]
The polarizability of an anion is related to the deformability of its electron cloud (i.e. its "softness") An incomplete valence shell electron configuration Noble gas configuration of the cation produces better shielding and less polarizing power e.g. Hg 2+ (r+ = 102 pm) is more polarizing than Ca 2+ (r+ = 100 pm)
This is due to the increased polarizability of molecules with larger, more dispersed electron clouds. The polarizability is a measure of how easily electrons can be redistributed; a large polarizability implies that the electrons are more easily redistributed. This trend is exemplified by the halogens (from smallest to largest: F 2, Cl 2, Br 2 ...
The polarizability of individual particles in the medium can be related to the average susceptibility and polarization density by the Clausius–Mossotti relation. In general, the susceptibility is a function of the frequency ω of the applied field.
Electrons are bound to the atomic nucleus analogously to springs of different strengths, ... is the polarizability of single oscillator, given ...
The second contribution is the induction (also termed polarization) or Debye force, arising from interactions between rotating permanent dipoles and from the polarizability of atoms and molecules (induced dipoles). These induced dipoles occur when one molecule with a permanent dipole repels another molecule's electrons.
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Drude particles are model oscillators used to simulate the effects of electronic polarizability in the context of a classical molecular mechanics force field.They are inspired by the Drude model of mobile electrons and are used in the computational study of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules.