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Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero.
The Hammett equation predicts the equilibrium constant or reaction rate of a reaction from a substituent constant and a reaction type constant. The Edwards equation relates the nucleophilic power to polarisability and basicity. The Marcus equation is an example of a quadratic free-energy relationship (QFER). [citation needed]
Ellingham diagram for several metals giving the free energy of formation of metal oxides and the corresponding oxygen partial pressure at equilibrium. Ellingham diagrams are a particular graphical form of the principle that the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction depends on the sign of Δ G , the Gibbs free energy change, which is equal to ...
The definition of the Gibbs function is = + where H is the enthalpy defined by: = +. Taking differentials of each definition to find dH and dG, then using the fundamental thermodynamic relation (always true for reversible or irreversible processes): = where S is the entropy, V is volume, (minus sign due to reversibility, in which dU = 0: work other than pressure-volume may be done and is equal ...
[11] [12] This time scale becomes shorter as the temperature is raised. In every reaction, the first product formed is that which is most easily formed. Thus, every reaction a priori starts under kinetic control. [13] A necessary condition for thermodynamic control is reversibility or a mechanism permitting the equilibration between products.
A reaction is in equilibrium when the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction. Such a reaction is said to be reversible. If the starting material and product(s) are in equilibrium then their relative abundance is decided by the difference in free energy between them.
By Ted Hesson. WASHINGTON (Reuters) -U.S. President-elect Donald Trump aims to deport all immigrants in the U.S. illegally over his four-year term but wants a deal to protect so-called "Dreamer ...
In 1884, Jacobus van 't Hoff proposed the Van 't Hoff equation describing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction: = where ΔU is the change in internal energy, K is the equilibrium constant of the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, and T is thermodynamic temperature.