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The transpose (indicated by T) of any row vector is a column vector, and the transpose of any column vector is a row vector: […] = [] and [] = […]. The set of all row vectors with n entries in a given field (such as the real numbers ) forms an n -dimensional vector space ; similarly, the set of all column vectors with m entries forms an m ...
The row space of this matrix is the vector space spanned by the row vectors. The column vectors of a matrix. The column space of this matrix is the vector space spanned by the column vectors. In linear algebra, the column space (also called the range or image) of a matrix A is the span (set of all possible linear combinations) of its column ...
In Matlab/GNU Octave a matrix A can be vectorized by A(:). GNU Octave also allows vectorization and half-vectorization with vec(A) and vech(A) respectively. Julia has the vec(A) function as well. In Python NumPy arrays implement the flatten method, [note 1] while in R the desired effect can be achieved via the c() or as.vector() functions.
More generally, there are d! possible orders for a given array, one for each permutation of dimensions (with row-major and column-order just 2 special cases), although the lists of stride values are not necessarily permutations of each other, e.g., in the 2-by-3 example above, the strides are (3,1) for row-major and (1,2) for column-major.
Formally, a multivariate random variable is a column vector = (, …,) (or its transpose, which is a row vector) whose components are random variables on the probability space (,,), where is the sample space, is the sigma-algebra (the collection of all events), and is the probability measure (a function returning each event's probability).
In linear algebra, the outer product of two coordinate vectors is the matrix whose entries are all products of an element in the first vector with an element in the second vector. If the two coordinate vectors have dimensions n and m , then their outer product is an n × m matrix.
The last row of is the vector shifted by one in reverse. Different sources define the circulant matrix in different ways, for example as above, or with the vector c {\displaystyle c} corresponding to the first row rather than the first column of the matrix; and possibly with a different direction of shift (which is sometimes called an anti ...
In other words, vec(A) is the vector obtained by vectorizing A in column-major order. Similarly, vec(A T) is the vector obtaining by vectorizing A in row-major order. In the context of quantum information theory, the commutation matrix is sometimes referred to as the swap matrix or swap operator [1]