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Euler's identity therefore states that the limit, as n approaches infinity, of (+ /) is equal to −1. This limit is illustrated in the animation to the right. Euler's formula for a general angle. Euler's identity is a special case of Euler's formula, which states that for any real number x,
Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2] When x = π, Euler's formula may be rewritten as e iπ + 1 = 0 or e iπ = −1, which is known as Euler's identity.
In 1748, Euler went further and obtained Euler's formula of complex analysis: [32] e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ {\displaystyle e^{i\theta }=\cos \theta +i\sin \theta } by formally manipulating complex power series and observed that this formula could be used to reduce any trigonometric identity to much simpler exponential identities.
Euler's identity is a special case of this: e i π + 1 = 0 . {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }+1=0\,.} This identity is particularly remarkable as it involves e , π {\displaystyle \pi } , i , 1, and 0, arguably the five most important constants in mathematics, as well as the four fundamental arithmetic operators: addition, multiplication ...
This last non-simple continued fraction (sequence A110185 in the OEIS), equivalent to = [;,,,,,...], has a quicker convergence rate compared to Euler's continued fraction formula [clarification needed] and is a special case of a general formula for the exponential function:
This mathematical term forms part of an identity, a special case of Euler's formula, written = + (). Setting x {\displaystyle x} to a value of π {\displaystyle \pi } , as with the above term, Euler's formula reduces to a famous equation relating seven important mathematical symbols (and none that are unimportant!), namely e i π + 1 ...
Euler wrote the first proof of the fact that e is irrational in 1737 (but the text was only published seven years later). [1] [2] [3] He computed the representation of e as a simple continued fraction, which is