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  2. Recrystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)

    The solvent utilized in single-solvent recrystallization must dissolve the crude reaction mixture only when it is heated to reflux. [3] The heated solution is then passively cooled, yielding a crystallized product absent of impurities. [3] The solid crystals are then collected utilizing a filtration apparatus and the filtrate is discarded. [4]

  3. Flux method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_method

    The flux method is a crystal growth method where starting materials are dissolved in a solvent (flux), and are precipitated out to form crystals of a desired compound. The flux lowers the melting point of the desired compound, analogous to a wet chemistry recrystallization. [1]

  4. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    A common practice is to cool the solutions by flash evaporation: when a liquid at a given T 0 temperature is transferred in a chamber at a pressure P 1 such that the liquid saturation temperature T 1 at P 1 is lower than T 0, the liquid will release heat according to the temperature difference and a quantity of solvent, whose total latent heat ...

  5. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    Evaporation removes volatile liquids from non-volatile solutes, which cannot be done through filtration due to the small size of the substances. Liquidliquid extraction removes an impurity or recovers a desired product by dissolving the crude material in a solvent in which other components of the feed material are soluble.

  6. Solubility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility

    The solubility of a specific solute in a specific solvent is generally expressed as the concentration of a saturated solution of the two. [1] Any of the several ways of expressing concentration of solutions can be used, such as the mass, volume, or amount in moles of the solute for a specific mass, volume, or mole amount of the solvent or of the solution.

  7. Solvent effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_effects

    Protic solvents react with strong nucleophiles with good basic character in an acid/base fashion, thus decreasing or removing the nucleophilic nature of the nucleophile. The following table shows the effect of solvent polarity on the relative reaction rates of the S N 2 reaction of 1-bromobutane with azide (N 3 –). There is a noticeable ...

  8. Solid solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solution

    The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)

  9. Solvent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent

    When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed. A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with many different types and forms of solutes and solvents.