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Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). [4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. [4] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. [2]
Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase. [1] It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning [2] in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white solid.
Treatment is typically with the antidotes atropine and pralidoxime. [4] Atropine, an antagonist to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, is given to treat the physiological symptoms of poisoning. Since muscular response to acetylcholine is mediated through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, atropine does
Treatment for suspected tabun poisoning is often three injections of a nerve agent antidote, such as atropine. [15] Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl) also works as an antidote; however, it must be administered within minutes to a few hours following exposure to be effective. [18]
Carbamate poisoning is poisoning due to exposure to carbamates, which are commonly sold as pesticides around the world. In most respects, it is similar to organophosphate poisoning , though typically less severe or requiring a larger amount of the chemical before symptoms appear.
Contamination with – or excessive exposure to – certain chemicals including: nerve agents, (e.g., sarin, VX, Novichok agents). organophosphorus insecticides (e.g., parathion, aldicarb) nicotine poisoning can be thought of as a subset of cholinergic crisis, as it also involves excessive parasympathetic stimulation. [5]
Reports about the mass poisoning in Vang Vieng began to emerge last week after Jones and Bowles fell ill on Nov. 13 after a night out drinking with a group in the remote town.
Atropine is not an actual antidote for organophosphate poisoning. However, by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, atropine also serves as a treatment for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents, such as tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and VX.