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In computing and in embedded systems, a programmable interval timer (PIT) is a counter that generates an output signal when it reaches a programmed count. The output signal may trigger an interrupt .
Intel C8253 Intel 8253 programmable interval timer. Intel 8254 has the same pinout. The Intel 8253 and 8254 are programmable interval timers (PITs), which perform timing and counting functions using three 16-bit counters. [1] The 825x family was primarily designed for the Intel 8080/8085-processors, but were later used in x86 compatible systems.
A frequency counter is an electronic instrument, or component of one, that is used for measuring frequency. Frequency counters usually measure the number of cycles of oscillation or pulses per second in a periodic electronic signal .
The result is a 15-bit binary digital counter driven by the frequency that will overflow once per second, creating a digital pulse once per second. The pulse-per-second output can be used to drive many kinds of clocks.
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. [1] [2] [3] The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers.
Among them were the Z80 CTC (counter/timer), Z80 DMA [15] (direct memory access), Z80 DART (dual asynchronous receiver–transmitter), Z80 SIO (synchronous communication controller), and Z80 PIO (parallel input/output). The Z80 was officially launched in July 1976. [16] One of the first customers was a buyer who, unknown to Zilog, worked for NEC.
An alternative design uses a counter with a sufficiently large word size that it will not reach its overflow limit before the end of life of the system. More sophisticated timers may have comparison logic to compare the timer value against a specific value set by software, which triggers some action when the timer value matches the preset value.
A prescaler is an electronic counting circuit used to reduce a high frequency electrical signal to a lower frequency by integer division.The prescaler takes the basic timer clock frequency (which may be the CPU clock frequency or may be some higher or lower frequency) and divides it by some value before feeding it to the timer, according to how the prescaler register(s) are configured.
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