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Location of the Kingdom of Aksum. Muhammad's commencement of public preaching brought him stiff opposition from the leading tribe of Mecca, the Quraysh.Although Muhammad himself was safe from persecution due to protection from his uncle, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, a leader of the Banu Hashim, one of the main clans that formed the Quraysh), some of his followers were not in such a position.
Muhammad [a] (c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) [b] was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. [c] According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
These twelve informed Muhammad of the beginning of gradual development of Islam in Medina, and took a formal pledge of allegiance at Muhammad's hand, promising to accept him as a prophet, to worship none but one God, and to renounce certain sins like theft, adultery, murder and the like. This is known as the "First Pledge of al-Aqaba".
Hakim fought with Muhammad at the Battle of Hunayn. [9]: 439 Afterwards, when Muhammad was distributing gifts to his new followers "to win over their hearts," [5]: 594 Hakim asked for a gift of a hundred camels, and then another hundred, and then a third hundred. Muhammad obliged him, but at the third donation he said: "Hakim, this wealth is ...
A number of verses in the Quran and some hadiths might be linked to the prominent position of Muhammad's family in Islam, including the verse of purification, verse of mubahala, and verse of mawadda in the Quran, and the well-attested Hadith of the Thaqalayn and the Hadith of the Ark. [209]
Modern scholars differ in their assessment of the Quran as a historical source about Muhammad's life. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the "Qur'an responds constantly and often candidly to Muhammad's changing historical circumstances and contains a wealth of hidden data that are relevant to the task of the quest for the historical Muhammad."
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...