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Practical development of reentry systems began as the range, and reentry velocity of ballistic missiles increased. For early short-range missiles, like the V-2, stabilization and aerodynamic stress were important issues (many V-2s broke apart during reentry), but heating was not a serious problem.
The concept has also been used to extend the reentry time for vehicles returning to Earth from the Moon, which would otherwise have to shed a large amount of velocity in a short time and thereby suffer very high heating rates. The Apollo Command Module also used what is essentially a skip re-entry, as did the Soviet Zond and Chinese Chang'e 5-T1.
The boost phase is the portion of the flight of a ballistic missile or space vehicle during which the booster and sustainer engines operate until it reaches peak velocity. . This phase can take 3 to 4 minutes for a solid rocket (shorter for a liquid-propellant rocket), the altitude at the end of this phase is 150–200 km, and the typical burn-out speed is 7 k
The MIRV U.S. Peacekeeper missile, with the re-entry vehicles highlighted in red. Technicians secure a number of Mk12A re-entry vehicles on a Peacekeeper MIRV bus. LGM-118A Peacekeeper MIRV at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. A Trident II missile, operated exclusively by the US Navy and Royal Navy. Each missile can carry up ...
High velocity entry into Martian air creates a CO 2-N 2 plasma, as opposed to O 2-N 2 for Earth air. [1] Mars entry is affected by the radiative effects of hot CO 2 gas and Martian dust suspended in the air. [2] Flight regimes for entry, descent, and landing systems include aerocapture, hypersonic, supersonic, and subsonic. [3]
The planar reentry equations are the equations of motion governing the unpowered reentry of a spacecraft, based on the assumptions of planar motion and constant mass, in an Earth-fixed reference frame.
No explosive is said to be used since the reentry vehicle's mass and hypersonic impact velocity provide sufficient mechanical energy and "effect". The second conventional warhead version is a fragmentation version that would disperse thousands of tungsten rods which could obliterate an area of 3000 square feet (approximately 280 square meters ...
The Avangard (Russian: Авангард, "Vanguard"; previously known as Objekt 4202, Yu-71 and Yu-74) is a Russian hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV). It can be carried as a multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) payload of heavy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), such as the UR-100UTTKh, [6] [7] R-36M2 and RS-28 Sarmat.