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Operant conditioning, in his opinion, better described human behavior as it examined causes and effects of intentional behavior. To implement his empirical approach, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber , or " Skinner Box ", in which subjects such as pigeons and rats were isolated and could be exposed to carefully controlled stimuli.
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) - A conditioning procedure in which an undesired response is decreased by placing it on extinction or, less commonly, providing contingent punishment, while simultaneously providing reinforcement contingent on a desirable response. An example would be a teacher attending to a student only ...
One of the first principles associated with learning and behavior was the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated, whereas behaviors that lead to undesired outcomes are less likely to recur. [9] Thorndike's Puzzle-Box.
Punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. Reinforcement, referring to any behavior that increases the likelihood that a response will occurs, plays a large role in punishment. Motivating operations (MO ...
An erosion gully in Australia caused by rabbits, an unintended consequence of their introduction as game animals. In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences, more colloquially called knock-on effects) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen.
Extinction is a behavioral phenomenon observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior, which manifests itself by fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences, the behavior gradually returns to operant ...
Environmentalist Ellen Swallow Richards was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an impressive feat in and of itself.What's even more admirable was her work in science, a field in which women faced many obstacles, as well as the time she spent getting her Ph.D. in chemistry from MIT– well, almost.
ABA is an applied science devoted to developing procedures which will produce observable changes in behavior. [3] [9] It is to be distinguished from the experimental analysis of behavior, which focuses on basic experimental research, [10] but it uses principles developed by such research, in particular operant conditioning and classical conditioning.