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Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes. In string theory, a string may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a closed loop). D-branes are an important class of branes that arise when one considers open strings. As an open string propagates through spacetime, its endpoints are required to lie on a D-brane.
Animation showing multiple brane universes in the bulk. The central idea is that the visible, four-dimensional spacetime is restricted to a brane inside a higher-dimensional space, called the "bulk" (also known as "hyperspace").
The arrangement of D-branes constricts the types of string states which can exist in a system. For example, if we have two parallel D2-branes, we can easily imagine strings stretching from brane 1 to brane 2 or vice versa. (In most theories, strings are oriented objects: each one carries an "arrow" defining a direction along its length.) The ...
For example, a point particle can be viewed as a brane of dimension zero, while a string can be viewed as a brane of dimension one. It is also possible to consider higher-dimensional branes. In dimension p, these are called p-branes. Branes are dynamical objects which can propagate through spacetime according to the rules of quantum mechanics.
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Barnes G-function; Beta function: Corresponding binomial coefficient analogue. Digamma function, Polygamma function; Incomplete beta function; Incomplete gamma function; K-function; Multivariate gamma function: A generalization of the Gamma function useful in multivariate statistics. Student's t-distribution
In string theory, the NS5-brane is a fundamental extended object in six-dimensional spacetime that carries magnetic charge under the Neveu–Schwarz B-field.The tension of the NS5-brane is inversely proportional to the Newton gravitational constant, making it a solitonic object of the theory.
With the notion of a horizon in mind as well as identifying points as zero-branes, a generalization of a black hole is a black p-brane. [3] However, many physicists tend to define a black brane separate from a black hole, making the distinction that the singularity of a black brane is not a point like a black hole, but instead a higher ...
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