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  2. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

    In cryptanalysis, Kasiski examination (also known as Kasiski's test or Kasiski's method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenère cipher. [1] [2] It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, [3] but seems to have been independently discovered by Charles Babbage as early as 1846. [4] [5]

  3. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

    The Vigenère cipher is simple enough to be a field cipher if it is used in conjunction with cipher disks. [13] The Confederate States of America, for example, used a brass cipher disk to implement the Vigenère cipher during the American Civil War. The Confederacy's messages were far from secret, and the Union regularly cracked its messages.

  4. American Cryptogram Association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cryptogram...

    The ACA was formed on September 1, 1930. Initially the primary interest was in monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (also known as "single alphabet" or "Aristocrat" puzzles). This has since been extended to dozens of different systems, such as Playfair, autokey, transposition, and Vigenère ciphers.

  5. List of cryptographers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographers

    Friedrich Kasiski, author of the first published attack on the Vigenère cipher, now known as the Kasiski test. Auguste Kerckhoffs , known for contributing cipher design principles. Edgar Allan Poe , author of the book, A Few Words on Secret Writing , an essay on cryptanalysis, and The Gold Bug , a short story featuring the use of letter ...

  6. Index of coincidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence

    This technique is used to cryptanalyze the Vigenère cipher, for example. For a repeating-key polyalphabetic cipher arranged into a matrix, the coincidence rate within each column will usually be highest when the width of the matrix is a multiple of the key length, and this fact can be used to determine the key length, which is the first step ...

  7. Ciphertext - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext

    Polyalphabetic substitution cipher: a substitution cipher using multiple substitution alphabets (e.g., Vigenère cipher and Enigma machine) Polygraphic substitution cipher: the unit of substitution is a sequence of two or more letters rather than just one (e.g., Playfair cipher)

  8. Giovan Battista Bellaso - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso

    It is very similar to the Vigenère cipher, making many scholars call Bellaso its inventor, although unlike the modern Vigenère cipher Bellaso didn't use 26 different "shifts" (different Caesar's ciphers) for every letter, instead opting for 13 shifts for pairs of letters. The system is still periodic although the use of one or more long ...

  9. Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cryptology_from...

    The Vigenère cipher is probably the most famous example of a polyalphabetic substitution cipher. [21] The famous cipher machines of World War II encipher in a polyalphabetic system. Their strength came from the enormous number of well-mixed alphabets that they used and the fairly random way of switching between them.