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The history of lions in Europe is part of the wider history of the lion species complex. The rediscovery and confirmation of their presence in Europe , already known by myths , historical accounts and ancient art , was made possible by the finds of fossils of Pleistocene , Holocene and Ancient lions excavated in Europe since the early 19th century.
The oldest widely accepted fossils of P. fossilis in Europe date to around 700,000 years ago, such as that from Pakefield in England, [20] [21] [3] [22] with possible older fossils from Western Siberia dating to the late Early Pleistocene, [23] with a 2024 study suggesting a presence in Spain by 1 million years ago. [24]
In 370 CE the Greco-Roman orator Themistius mentioned that lions had disappeared from Thessaly, their last Balkan stronghold. [C] Lions were also hunted historically across Transcaucasia, and were reportedly common in the ungulate-rich Kura-Araz and Mughan plains, up to the Absheron Peninsula, until 900 CE. [26] European leopards
This cat entered Eurasia about 780,000–700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossils that can be definitively classified as P. fossilis date to circa 660,000–612,000 years ago. [3] Possibly earlier records of P. fossilis. are known from the late Early Pleistocene (over 780,000 years ago) of Western Siberia. [10]
Cave hyena (Crocuta (crocuta) spelaea and Crocuta (crocuta) ultima) are extinct species or subspecies of hyena known from Eurasia, which ranged from Western Europe to eastern Asia and Siberia during the Pleistocene epoch. It is well represented in many European caves, primarily dating to the Last Glacial Period.
Europe: Pyrenean ibex: Capra pyrenaica pyreneica Schinz, 1838: Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) Artiodactyla: 2000 Europe: Western black rhinoceros: Diceros bicornis longipes Zukowsky, 1999: Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Artiodactyla: 2011 Africa: Cape lion: Panthera leo melanochaita Smith, 1842: Lion (Panthera leo) Carnivora: mid 19th ...
It was originally interpreted as a leopard fossil, and given the name Panthera pardus tautavelensis in the Program/Guide book for 16th International Cave Bear and Lion Symposium; however, this name, since it was not formally published in a scientific journal, is considered a nomen nudum. [1] [2]
Late Pleistocene in northern Spain, by Mauricio Antón.Left to right: wild horse; woolly mammoth; reindeer; cave lion; woolly rhinoceros Mural of the La Brea Tar Pits by Charles R. Knight, including sabertooth cats (Smilodon fatalis, left) ground sloths (Paramylodon harlani, right) and Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi, background)