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In mathematics and physics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, who first studied its properties.This is often written as = or =, where = = is the Laplace operator, [note 1] is the divergence operator (also symbolized "div"), is the gradient operator (also symbolized "grad"), and (,,) is a twice-differentiable real-valued function.
The Laplace operator is a second-order differential operator in the n-dimensional Euclidean space, defined as the divergence of the gradient (). Thus if f {\displaystyle f} is a twice-differentiable real-valued function , then the Laplacian of f {\displaystyle f} is the real-valued function defined by:
The Hodge Laplacian, also known as the Laplace–de Rham operator, is a differential operator acting on differential forms. (Abstractly, it is a second order operator on each exterior power of the cotangent bundle.) This operator is defined on any manifold equipped with a Riemannian- or pseudo-Riemannian metric.
Discrete Laplace operator is often used in image processing e.g. in edge detection and motion estimation applications. [4] The discrete Laplacian is defined as the sum of the second derivatives and calculated as sum of differences over the nearest neighbours of the central pixel. Since derivative filters are often sensitive to noise in an image ...
Thus, when one separates variables for first-order equations, one in fact moves the dx denominator of the operator to the side with the x variable, and the d(y) is left on the side with the y variable. The second-derivative operator, by analogy, breaks down as follows:
Verbally, the second version is the second derivative in the direction of the gradient. In the case of the infinity Laplace equation Δ ∞ u = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta _{\infty }u=0} , the two definitions are equivalent.
Second derivative; Implicit differentiation ... Solutions of boundary value problems for the Laplace equation ... In general this gives a second-order ordinary ...
Using notations from vector calculus, the wave equation can be written compactly as =, or =, where the double subscript denotes the second-order partial derivative with respect to time, is the Laplace operator and the d'Alembert operator, defined as: =, = + +, =.