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The Italian Wars [b] were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France , on one side, and their opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain on the other.
The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Spanish Bourbons in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country was completed ...
A History of Venice. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. ISBN 0-679-72197-5. Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars: 1494–1559. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6. Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod ...
The Italian War of 1551-1559, or Last Italian War begins. 1545-1563: Council of Trent: 1559: 3 April: The Last Italian War ends with a peace treaty signed between Henry II of France, Elizabeth I of England, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Philip II of Spain at Le Cateau-Cambrésis. 1564: 15 February: Galileo is born in Pisa.
William B. Taliaferro was Confederate general in the American Civil War. Several Italian American soldiers of the Confederate States Army were veterans from the Army of the Two Sicilies who had fought against Giuseppe Garibaldi in, and were captured during, the Expedition of the Thousand as part of the unification of Italy.
The military history of Italy chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the military conflicts fought by the ancient peoples of Italy, most notably the conquest of the Mediterranean world by the ancient Romans, through the expansion of the Italian city-states and maritime republics during the medieval period and the involvement of the historical Italian states in the Italian Wars and the ...
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (2008) excerpt and text search; Hearder, Henry, and D. P. Waley; A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day (1963) online edition Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine; Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy (2001) excerpt and text search; Killinger ...
Mary declared war on France in June 1557 and English troops assisted in the victory at St. Quentin in August. But England's entry into the war provoked the French Siege of Calais in January 1558, which was a defeat for the English.