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Examples of stack instruction sets directly executed in hardware include the Z4 (1945) computer by Konrad Zuse had a 2-level stack. [8] [9] the Burroughs large systems architecture (since 1961) the English Electric KDF9 machine. First delivered in 1964, the KDF9 had a 19-level deep pushdown stack of arithmetic registers, and a 17-level deep ...
Newer processors contain a dedicated stack engine to optimize stack operations. Pentium M was the first x86 processor to introduce a stack engine. In its implementation, the stack pointer is split among two registers: ESP O , which is a 32-bit register, and ESP d , an 8-bit delta value that is updated directly by stack operations.
The stack is often used to store variables of fixed length local to the currently active functions. Programmers may further choose to explicitly use the stack to store local data of variable length. If a region of memory lies on the thread's stack, that memory is said to have been allocated on the stack, i.e. stack-based memory allocation (SBMA).
Some microcoded CPU designs with a writable control store use it to allow the instruction set to be changed (for example, the Rekursiv processor and the Imsys Cjip). [19] CPUs designed for reconfigurable computing may use field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). An ISA can also be emulated in software by an interpreter. Naturally, due to the ...
Minimal instruction set computer (MISC) is a central processing unit (CPU) architecture, usually in the form of a microprocessor, with a very small number of basic operations and corresponding opcodes, together forming an instruction set. Such sets are commonly stack-based rather than register-based to reduce the size of operand specifiers.
The following is a partial list of Intel CPU microarchitectures. The list is incomplete , additional details can be found in Intel's tick–tock model , process–architecture–optimization model and Template:Intel processor roadmap .
Many 32-bit computers (such as 68000, ARM, or PowerPC) have more than one register which could be used as a stack pointer—and so use the "register autoincrement indirect" addressing mode to specify which of those registers should be used when pushing or popping data from a stack. Some current computer architectures (e.g. IBM/390 and Intel ...
Diagram of the Intel Core 2 microarchitecture. In electronics, computer science and computer engineering, microarchitecture, also called computer organization and sometimes abbreviated as μarch or uarch, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented in a particular processor. [1]