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Causes include low dietary intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, increased urinary loss, and poor absorption from the intestines. [1] [4] [5] Some medications may also cause low magnesium, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and furosemide. [2] The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels, also called hypomagnesemia. [6]
The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are dose-related and arise from the effect of loop diuretics on diuresis and electrolyte balance. [citation needed] Common ADRs include: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, dehydration, hyperuricemia, gout, dizziness, postural hypotension, syncope. [17]
Common causes for torsades de pointes include drug-induced QT prolongation and less often diarrhea, low serum magnesium, and low serum potassium or congenital long QT syndrome. It can be seen in malnourished individuals and chronic alcoholics , due to a deficiency in potassium and/or magnesium.
Major causes of hypomagnesemia are from gastrointestinal losses such as vomiting and diarrhea. Another major cause is from kidney losses from diuretics, alcohol use, hypercalcemia, and genetic disorders. Low dietary intake can also contribute to magnesium deficiency.
Other electrolyte abnormalities that can result from furosemide use include hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia. [31] In the treatment of heart failure, many studies have shown that the long-term use of furosemide can cause varying degrees of thiamine deficiency, so thiamine supplementation is also suggested. [32]
Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest. [21] [27] Causes of potassium deficiencyinclude vomiting, diarrhea, medications like furosemide and steroids, dialysis, diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia, and not enough intake in the diet. [21]
A deficiency in magnesium (hypomagnesemia) can result in other symptoms such as brain fog, anxiety, and memory issues. How to maintain optimal levels of potassium and magnesium
It can cause diarrhea, [8] nausea, vomiting, severely lowered blood pressure, confusion, slowed heart rate, respiratory paralysis. [7] In very severe cases, it can cause coma, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death. [7] Magnesium overdose can be counteracted by administering calcium gluconate. [9]