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4+1 is a view model designed by Philippe Kruchten in 1995 for describing the architecture of software-intensive systems, based on the use of multiple, concurrent views. [17] The views are used to describe the system in the viewpoint of different stakeholders, such as end-users, developers and project managers. The four views of the model are ...
The four views of the model are logical, development, process, and physical view. In addition, selected use cases or scenarios are used to illustrate the architecture serving as the 'plus one' view. Hence, the model contains 4+1 views: [1] Logical view: The logical view is concerned with the functionality that the system provides to end-users.
The C4 model documents the architecture of a software system, by showing multiple points of view [5] that explain the decomposition of a system into containers and components, the relationship between these elements, and, where appropriate, the relation with its users. [3] The viewpoints are organized according to their hierarchical level: [2] [3]
The model–view–presenter software pattern originated in the early 1990s at Taligent, a joint venture of Apple, IBM, and Hewlett-Packard. [2] MVP is the underlying programming model for application development in Taligent's C++-based CommonPoint environment.
Software architecture erosion may occur in each stage of the software development life cycle and has varying impacts on the development speed and the cost of maintenance. Software architecture erosion occurs due to various reasons, such as architectural violations , the accumulation of technical debt , and knowledge vaporization . [ 40 ]
Philippe Kruchten (born 1952) is a Canadian software engineer, and Professor of Software Engineering at University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, known as Director of Process Development (RUP) at Rational Software, and developer of the 4+1 Architectural View Model.
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As a summary, the approach to characterization by views (or "viewpoints") cross-checks that the proposed architecture is capable of providing the required functions with the desired level of performance, security, dependability, mass, scalability, environments, mass, interfaces, etc. ensuring the consistency of engineering decisions, because ...