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Today birching is rarely used as a judicial punishment, and it has also almost completely died out as a punishment for children. In the United Kingdom, birching as a judicial penalty, in both its juvenile and adult versions, was abolished in 1948, but it was retained until 1962 as a punishment for violent breaches of prison discipline.
The tamarind switch (in Creole English tambran switch) is a judicial birch-like instrument for corporal punishment made from three tamarind rods, braided and oiled, used long after independence in the Caribbean Commonwealth island states of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. [2]
1978: European Court of Human Rights, overseeing its implementation, rules that judicial birching of a juvenile breaches Article 3. [26] 1985: Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, or Beijing Rules, United Nations . Rule 17.3: "Juveniles shall not be subject to corporal punishment."
Judicial birching was abolished in the Isle of Man in 1993 following the 1978 judgment in Tyrer v. UK by the European Court of Human Rights. [64] The last birching had taken place in January 1976; the last caning, of a 13-year-old boy convicted of robbing another child of 10p, was the last recorded juvenile case in May 1971. [65]
By a majority of six votes to one, the court held Tyrer's birching to constitute degrading treatment contrary to the Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. [2] Significant conclusions of the case included that "the Convention is a living instrument which, as the Commission rightly stressed, must be interpreted in the light of ...
Sisters Helena and Barbara Stefaniak had their worlds turned upside down after the start of World War II. The sisters, who were living in Poland, were separated and put into work camps as teens ...
In October, Manhattan-based art advisor Lisa Schiff pled guilty to wire fraud and agreed to forfeit the $6.5 million she was accused of making through the sale of (or, in some cases, the failure ...
Judicial caning, administered with a long, heavy rattan and much more severe than the canings given in schools, was/is a feature of some British colonial judicial systems, though the cane was never used judicially in Britain itself (the specified implements there, until abolition in 1948, being the birch and the cat-o'-nine-tails).
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