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In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black staining. The term "amyloid" is derived from the Latin amyloideus ("starch-like"). [1]
A positive reaction of Schaeffer's test, which uses the reaction of aniline and nitric acid on the surface of the mushroom, is indicated by an orange to red color; it is characteristic of species in the section Flavescentes. The compounds responsible for the reaction were named schaefferal A and B to honor Schäffer. [3]
Melzer's reagent is an aqueous solution of chloral hydrate, potassium iodide, and iodine.Depending on the formulation, it consists of approximately 2.50-3.75% potassium iodide and 0.75–1.25% iodine, with the remainder of the solution being 50% water and 50% chloral hydrate.
To date, 37 human proteins have been found to form amyloid in pathology and be associated with well-defined diseases. [2] The International Society of Amyloidosis classifies amyloid fibrils and their associated diseases based upon associated proteins (for example ATTR is the group of diseases and associated fibrils formed by TTR). [3]
Spores are amyloid, meaning that they will absorb iodine and become bluish-black when stained with Melzer's reagent, [30] but this staining reaction has been described as "relatively weak". [1] The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are 15–20 by 2.5–3.5 μm, club-shaped, and clamped at the base. [15]
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Calcofluor white has to careful interpretation of staining as some non-specific reactions can make the background look a fluorescent yellow-green color. This can be reduced by looking at the cells under blue light or with other filters to see the best picture possible.
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