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Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota. Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs ( diplococci ) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [ 2 ]
Enterococcus faecalis – formerly classified as part of the group D Streptococcus system – is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like other species in the genus Enterococcus , E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic.
Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive, gamma-hemolytic or non-hemolytic bacterium in the genus Enterococcus. [1] It can be commensal (innocuous, coexisting organism) in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, [ 2 ] but it may also be pathogenic , causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis or endocarditis .
Enterococcus raffinosus is a bacterial species of the Gram-positive genus Enterococcus, named for its facultative anaerobic metabolism, including the ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose. [1] This mesophilic microaerophile has optimal growth at 37°C in Columbia Blood Medium (agar mixture of trypticase soy and brain heart infusion). [2]
There are many species that show non-pathogenic characteristics; however, there are some, like S. pneumoniae, that exhibit pathogenic characteristics in the human body. [17] [11] The genus Enterococcus belongs to the family Enterococcaceae. This genus is divided into 58 species and two subspecies. [18]
Enterococcus gallinarum is a species of Enterococcus. [3] E. gallinarum demonstrates an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin.Resistance is due to a chromosomal gene, vanC, which encodes for a terminal D-alanine-D-serine instead of the usual D-alanine-D-alanine in cell wall peptidoglycan precursor proteins. [4]
Enterococcus durans is a species of Enterococcus. [1] It is a gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-negative, coccus bacterium. The organism is also a facultative anaerobic organism. [2] Prior to 1984, it was known as Streptococcus durans. [3]
Enterococcus malodoratus is a species of the genus Enterococcus and a gram positive bacteria capable of opportunistic pathogenic response. These microbes have a thick polypeptide layer. [ 1 ] Enterococcus can be found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals.