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Research into the many possible relationships, intersections and tensions between language and gender is diverse. It crosses disciplinary boundaries, and, as a bare minimum, could be said to encompass work notionally housed within applied linguistics, linguistic anthropology, conversation analysis, cultural studies, feminist media studies, feminist psychology, gender studies, interactional ...
The difference model is a theory of gendered differences in language which sees men and women as inhabiting different 'sub-cultures', resulting in different genderlects (sociolects associated with gender). A major proponent of the model, Deborah Tannen, summarised these differences as contrasting conversational goals: men, she argues, tend ...
While difference theory deals with cross-gender communication, the male and female genders are often presented as being two separate cultures, hence the relevance of Gumperz's studies. In her development of the difference theory, Deborah Tannen drew on the work of Daniel Maltz and Ruth Borker, in particular their 1982 paper, A Cultural Approach ...
The theory details the interlinked relationship between a dominant group and subordinate group(s) through two pathways: 1). The dominant group constructs the language system that is imbued with social norms and vocabulary [1] 2). Subordinate group(s) assimilate by learning the dominant language to communicate [1]
While the liberal equality model and difference theory aim to achieve equality for women and men, the dominance model's end goal is to liberate women from men. Dominance theorists understand gender inequality as a result of an imbalance of power between women and men and believe the law contributes to this subordination of women. [4]
In order to understand how dominance captures relationships one must understand the influence of gender and social roles while watching for verbal and nonverbal indicators of dominance. Individuals may dominate through strategies that is a modifier of the function of others in the group, modifying the on-going social dynamics: 1.
Studies employing the Foucauldian discourse analysis might look at how figures in authority use language to express their dominance, and request obedience and respect from those subordinate to them. The disciplinary interaction between authority and their followers emphasize the power dynamic found within the relationships. [7]
Lakoff's influential work Language and Woman's Place introduces to the field of sociolinguistics many ideas about women's language that are now often commonplace. [9] It has inspired many different strategies for studying language and gender, across national borders as well as across class and race lines.