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In mathematics, tables of trigonometric functions are useful in a number of areas. Before the existence of pocket calculators, trigonometric tables were essential for navigation, science and engineering. The calculation of mathematical tables was an important area of study, which led to the development of the first mechanical computing devices.
In the table below, the label "Undefined" represents a ratio : If the codomain of the trigonometric functions is taken to be the real numbers these entries are undefined , whereas if the codomain is taken to be the projectively extended real numbers , these entries take the value ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } (see division by zero ).
Mathematical tables are lists of numbers showing the results of a calculation with varying arguments.Trigonometric tables were used in ancient Greece and India for applications to astronomy and celestial navigation, and continued to be widely used until electronic calculators became cheap and plentiful in the 1970s, in order to simplify and drastically speed up computation.
Abu al-Wafa had sine tables in 0.25° increments, to 8 decimal places of accuracy, and accurate tables of tangent values. [16] He also made important innovations in spherical trigonometry [17] [18] [19] The Persian polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi has been described as the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right.
Madhava's sine table is the table of trigonometric sines constructed by the 14th century Kerala mathematician-astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – c. 1425). The table lists the jya-s or Rsines of the twenty-four angles from 3.75 ° to 90° in steps of 3.75° (1/24 of a right angle , 90°).
Āryabhaṭa's table was the first sine table ever constructed in the history of mathematics. [8] The now lost tables of Hipparchus (c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC) and Menelaus (c. 70–140 CE) and those of Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. 168) were all tables of chords and not of half-chords. [8] Āryabhaṭa's table remained as the standard sine table of ...
The hexagonal chart can be constructed with a little thought: [10] Draw three triangles pointing down, touching at a single point. This resembles a fallout shelter trefoil. Write a 1 in the middle where the three triangles touch; Write the functions without "co" on the three left outer vertices (from top to bottom: sine, tangent, secant)
Terms with infinitely many sine factors would necessarily be equal to zero. When only finitely many of the angles are nonzero then only finitely many of the terms on the right side are nonzero because all but finitely many sine factors vanish. Furthermore, in each term all but finitely many of the cosine factors are unity.