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New lighting systems have not used magnetic ballasts since the turn of the century, however some older installations still remain. Fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts flicker at a normally unnoticeable frequency of 100 or 120 Hz (twice of the utility frequency; the lamp is lit on both the positive and negative half-wave of a cycle).
The phosphors lining the lamp degrade with time as well, until a lamp no longer produces an acceptable fraction of its initial light output. Failure of the integral electronic ballast of a compact fluorescent bulb will also end its usable life. Compact fluorescent lamp that has reached end of life because of mercury adsorption. Light is ...
Ballasts for sign lighting in the United States, are heavier duty than other ballasts because the cooler outdoor temperatures increase the energy required to start a fluorescent tube. They are sized based on the total tube length used. Typical European 230V series choke ballast 40W T12 or 36W T8 fluorescent lamps.
A preheat fluorescent lamp circuit using automatic starting switch. A: Fluorescent tube, B: Power (+220 volts), C: Starter, D: Switch (bi-metallic thermostat), E: Capacitor, F: Filaments, G: Ballast. When power is first applied to the circuit, there will be a glow discharge across the electrodes in the starter lamp.
Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by Edward E. Hammer, an engineer with General Electric, [7] in response to the 1973 oil crisis. [8]
Elements like heat, humidity, light, and air are the “main enemies of vitamin freshness,” says Blatner. “Keep them cool, dry, and out of the sun.” So, probably not in your medicine cabinet.
The energy-saving T12 lamps are made to operate on ballasts designed for 40-watt F40T12 lamps, though some F40T12 ballasts are not be designed to operate these lamps, and can overheat if energy-saving lamps are used. Running an energy-saving T8 tube with a ballast for T12 will reduce lamp life and can increase energy consumption. [9]
Cold-cathode lamps include cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) and neon lamps.Neon lamps primarily rely on excitation of gas molecules to emit light; CCFLs use a discharge in mercury vapor to develop ultraviolet light, which in turn causes a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp to emit visible light.
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