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A cylinder with longitudinal draft Profile view of a drafted cylinder with the draft dimension. In engineering, draft is the amount of taper for molded or cast parts perpendicular to the parting line. It can be measured in degrees or mm/mm (in/in). Consider the fabrication of a hollow plastic box, without lid.
Absolute cylinder pressure is used to calculate the dynamic compression ratio, using the following formula: = where is a polytropic value for the ratio of specific heats for the combustion gases at the temperatures present (this compensates for the temperature rise caused by compression, as well as heat lost to the cylinder)
Average full-size passenger cars have a drag area of roughly 8 sq ft (0.74 m 2). Reported drag areas range from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.1 sq ft (0.47 m 2) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.5 sq ft (2.46 m 2). The drag area of a bicycle (and rider) is also in the range of 6.5–7.5 sq ft (0.60–0.70 m 2). [5]
Swept wings are a practical outcome of the desire to have a low thickness-to-chord ratio at high speeds and a lower one at lower speeds during takeoff and landing. The sweep stretches the chord as seen by the airflow, while still keeping the wetted area of the wing to a minimum.
It also denotes the ratio of equivalent air volume drawn into the cylinder to the cylinder's swept volume. [5] This equivalent volume is commonly inserted into a mass estimation equation based upon Boyle's Gas Law. When VE is multiplied by the cylinder volume, an accurate estimate of cylinder air mass (charge) can be made for use in determining ...
Since naturally aspirated four-stroke engines must perform pumping work to suck the charge into the cylinder, and to remove the exhaust from the cylinder, IMEP may be split into the high-pressure, gross mean effective pressure (GMEP, ) and the pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP, ). In naturally aspirated engines, PMEP is negative, and in ...
The stroke ratio, determined by dividing the bore by the stroke, traditionally indicated whether an engine was designed for power at high engine speeds or torque at lower engine speeds. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term "bore" can also be applied to the bore of a locomotive cylinder or steam engine pistons .
The tax horsepower or taxable horsepower was an early system by which taxation rates for automobiles were reckoned in some European countries such as Britain, Belgium, Germany, France and Italy; some US states like Illinois charged license plate purchase and renewal fees for passenger automobiles based on taxable horsepower.