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From a combined iron and steel production of 203 million tons in 1979, US output fell almost in half, to 107 million tons in 1982. Some steel companies declared bankruptcy, and many permanently closed steelmaking plants. By 1989, US combined iron and steel production recovered to 142 million tons, a much lower level than in the 1960s and 1970s.
This process greatly improved the quantity and quality of steel production. It added three hours firing time and required large quantities of coke. In making crucible steel, the blister steel bars were broken into pieces and melted in small crucibles, each containing 20 kg or so. This produced higher quality metal, but increased the cost.
Light Metal Age covers primary production and semi-fabrication of light metals, mainly aluminum, but also titanium and magnesium, as well as associated light metal processes and equipment, including DC casting, anodizing, furnaces and melting, degassing and filtration, sawing, and handling. Articles are technical in nature, with the aim of ...
Commercial Metals Company (CMC), headquartered in Irving, Texas, is a producer of rebar and related products for the construction industry. Along with Nucor, it is one of two primary suppliers of steel used to reinforce concrete in buildings, bridges, roads, and infrastructure in the U.S. The company also owns Tensar, a producer of foundation ...
A red-hot metal workpiece is inserted into a forging press. Plastic deformation involves using heat or pressure to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up. Cold ...
Even after the introduction of anthracite smelting to the US in 1839, [1] and the development of American coke production later in the century, charcoal iron continued to find favor because of its heat-resistance, toughness, and malleability. The last charcoal furnace in the US did not close until 1945.
The ores used in ancient smelting processes were rarely pure metal compounds. Impurities were removed from the ore through the process of slagging , which involves adding heat and chemicals. Slag is the material in which the impurities from ores (known as gangue ), as well as furnace lining and charcoal ash, collect.
Anodized titanium (detail) - a.jpg. Electrometallurgy is a method in metallurgy that uses electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis. It is usually the last stage in metal production and is therefore preceded by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical operations. [1]