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  2. Open system (systems theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

    Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with its surroundings. An open system is a system that has external interactions. Such interactions can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary, depending on the discipline which defines the ...

  3. Open system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system

    Open system, in management science a system that is capable of self-maintenance on the basis of throughput of resources from the environment; Open system of learning, where information is sourced from multiple sources; Open government, system; Open-system environment reference model, one of the first reference models for enterprise architecture

  4. Systems theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory

    Systems theory is the transdisciplinary [1] study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or artificial.Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems.

  5. Living systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_systems

    This system is able to regulate and control metabolism and energy supply and contains at least one subsystem that functions as an information carrier (genetic information). Cells as self-sustaining units are parts of different populations that are involved in the unidirectional and irreversible open-ended process known as evolution. [34]

  6. Systems science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science

    Systems science, also referred to as systems research or simply systems, [1] is a transdisciplinary [2] field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout engineering, technology and science, itself.

  7. System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System

    Systems can be isolated, closed, or open. A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. [1] A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning.

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  9. Systems theory in anthropology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology

    Ludwig Bertalanffy describes two types of systems: open system and closed system. The open systems are systems that allow interactions between its internal elements and the environment. An open system is defined as a "system in exchange of matter with its environment, presenting import and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material ...